Table 3 Interest rate functions and formulas for continuous compounding

Function          Description            Symbol   Formula
Name
------------------------------------------------------------
p_to_f_c  present value to future value   F/P     ern
                                                  ---
                                                   1

f_to_p_c  future value to present value   P/F      1
                                                  ---
                                                  ern

f_to_a_c  future value to annuity         A/F    (er - 1)
                                                 ---------
                                                 (ern - 1)

p_to_a_c  present value to annuity        A/P   (er - 1)ern
                                                -----------
                                                 (ern - 1)

a_to_f_c  annuity to future value         F/A    (ern - 1)
                                                 ---------
                                                 (er - 1)

a_to_p_c  annuity to present value        P/A    (ern - 1)
                                                -----------
                                                (er - 1)ern